The Do This, Get That Guide On Easy Essay Samples

The Do This, Get That Guide On Easy Essay Samples If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be pleased to help you. Now you know a bit about what online essay writers do, there are a variety of important reasons why you need to only trust experienced academic writers to supply you with an adequate paper. If you understand what you are writing about or have chosen the topic yourself, you want to do a little bit of research. Such research will allow you to make your own statements more unique and prevent patterns that are very similar to other authors. If you're fighting to compose an essay, you are able to either place an order for a brand-new object of work on the subject of your choice or you could write it yourself and then order a re-write or proofreading services. You may be asked about what you meant, so you've got to be ready for questions. Make your concentrate on the explanations for why you've chosen a topic. Ther efore, should you need help with an essay no issue! Gossip, Lies and Easy Essay Samples The prices of our very best essay writing service aren't the highest and not the lowest on the marketplace. Occasionally it just helps to observe how others have tackled essays before. Essays are typical in elementary, middle, higher school and college, and you might even have to compose essays in the industry world (although they're usually called reports'' at that point). Your very best essays are going to be about the things which light your fire. Obviously, it is a whole lot simpler to write about things you know. The perfect place to start is the start. After you understand what your essay should address, spend a small time brainstorming ideas. Before you even begin planning an essay, I'd suggest that you sit down and have a fast think about how you wish to do it. A Startling Fact about Easy Essay Samples Uncovered When you compose an essay, you should understand what you write a bout. You can't compose an essay if you don't have a concept of what things to write about. Decide what you would like to convey in your essay and place it into words. That is, an essay cannot be boring and dry. Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. How to compose an essay Writing an essay isn't effortless. In any case, it has smart strategies about how to compose an essay and the way to have it written. The very first step to writing an essay is to choose what type of essay to write. The Essentials of Easy Essay Samples You Can Learn From Beginning Immediately When you have to compose an essay, an important aspect for success is the appropriate structure. If you choose to hire an expert to write your essay, you'll have to explain the task clearly to receive a better grade. There are many kinds of essays, it is not hard to eliminate an eye on all your writing assignments. Narrative essays is among the most well-known varieties of assignment, especially at school. Its principal difference from different essays type is that the critical one is directed at analyzing the subject employing lots of criteria. An outline is a sort of planning your writing. You may, for instance, write an expository essay with step-by-step instructions about how to create a peanut butter sandwich. You can create your style catchy instead. Easy Essay Samples and Easy Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. To begin, be mindful of what you write about. A Startling Fact about Easy Essay Samples Uncovered You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in lots of ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Also, it is going to supply the reader with a right attitude toward the topic of your text, i.e. will enable you to convey your ideas. Use as many examples of the term use as possible. The words you opt to write about as your topics must be complex and abstract. Rather than the essay paragraphs, the very first line of a source isn't indented in any respect. Our tips can help you formulate the ideal essay with a good st ructure. Example essays concentrate on one principal idea that you prove with various specific, convincing examples. The 30-Second Trick for Easy Essay Samples A persuasive essay's objective is to convince your readers your viewpoint is the best one. Remember your analytical essay should contain talking points concerning the problem beneath your consideration. The thesis ought to be your primary argument that will present your reaction to the essay question. All definitions ought to be very very clear. Since you may see, essay writing comprises plenty of things. The best method to revise your essay is to ask a buddy that will help you. A great essay writer is equipped to handle their time well to be able to freelance, meaning he or she's available at all times for work. Before you can begin writing, you will need to get an idea to write about.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde - 1317 Words

There are several traits that can be used to describe a hero: immense strength (physically and/or mentally), loyalty, honesty, dependability, etc. A hero is somebody who is a role model to many, so it makes sense that traits like the ones above are commonly looked for. When comic books were first introduced, in the early part of the twentieth century, they were not very popular. However, when World War II began, people began reading and enjoying comic books because of the different stories they told. Wonder Woman is a very well-known superhero. Her true name is Diana, with Wonder Woman being her alter-ego. In the book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll, who is the main character, has an evil†¦show more content†¦al.). Likewise, Dr. Jekyll has an alter ego by the name of Mr. Hyde. Mr. Hyde is evil and causes many conflicts throughout the book. An example is when Mr. Hyde murders an old man by beating him with a club, trampling h im, and beating him so badly that the old man’s bones were shattered (Stevenson 15). The way that these two characters became their alter egos, however, differs drastically. Princess Diana became Wonder Woman without any sort of chemical change, while Dr. Jekyll became Mr. Hyde through drinking a potion that was compounded, boiled, and smoked together in a glass (44). So, even though the characteristic of a dual identity is shared between them, they happen to be quite different. The characteristic of strength is often given to characters in literature. A strong character is often well-liked and well-known by readers. Wonder Woman and Hercules both share the characteristic of superhuman strength. However, the way that they obtained their strength was different. Hercules received his superhuman strength as a gift from the gods (Bonnell â€Å"Mythological Heroes†). He was gifted strength, along with, determination and intelligence. Wonder Woman, on the other hand, was bor n with the trait. She is a part of the immortal Amazonian race, and although she is considered a god of war and attends Mount Olympus, her superhuman strength was noticed at birth (Finch et. al.). But nevertheless, Wonder Woman still shares similarities with Hercules when it comes toShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,† is a type of Gothic literature. In the beginning of the story when Stevenson is describing the lawyer, one â€Å"Mr. Utterson,† the mood is a bit dull. At first glance the reader may think that this story would be a bit boring and drab. Stevenson’s story is far from being another dull piece of British English literature. The setting and mood of this novella are more complexRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1440 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity of human nature in his books, especially in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. The former is about a lawyer named Mr. Utterson seeking out the truth of Dr. Jekyll’s very strange will. He finds out that Jekyll was transforming himself into Mr. Hyde so that he could have the freedom to do whatever he wanted no matter how evil. By the time Utterson finds all this out and findsJekyll, he is too late and Jekyll has already killed himself. The latter is about David BalfourRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1196 Words   |  5 Pageswhich do let control you? The good or evil? This was a question that Dr. Jekyll from the book, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, could not answer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a book about a man who cannot control the two sides of himself, causing him to do terrible things and not even be aware of it. The theme of this book is good versus evil. Dr. Jekyll is fighting his evil side, known as Mr. Hyde, throughout the book. Some people believe that the book’s theme hasRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde938 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian Hopes and Fears Involving Science as Found in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde During the Victorian Era there was a great race to use science to alleviate the suffering of the ill, specifically for those patients who were suffering from ailments of the mind. While some of the methods used to diagnose and treat such afflictions would be considered barbaric in nature by today’s standards, they were considered cutting edge medical science during the time of the Victorian Era. It was also consideredRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1505 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the latter portion of the nineteenth century, Robert Louis Stevenson published his novella, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The fin de sià ¨cle saw the rise of different thoughts and ideas surrounding science and society. These concepts and interpretations sparked the discourse surrounding the theory of degeneration; which was the concern that civilization would fall to a lower state of being. This chapter will be reading multiplex personality as a manifestation of th is broader culturalRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde964 Words   |  4 PagesThe Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson was published in 1886. The story is published during the Victorian era, the Victorian era was an age of repression, there was no violence, no sexual appetite, and there was no great expression or emotion. In the story, Dr. Jekyll creates a potion that turns him into Mr. Hyde, Mr. Hyde is the complete opposite of what people are in the Victorian era. At first, Dr. Jekyll is in control of Mr. Hyde, but towards the end MrRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde took place throughout the time period of prosperity, when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, due to the expansion of the British Empire and the industrial revolution. Because of this, Great Britain had become primarily the world s most powerful superpower. In spite of Queen Victoria becoming a powerful leader, the social morality changed from rationalism to romanticism, which in turn transformed the society of art, literature, politicsRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1012 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Louis Stevenson’s â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a classic Victorian tale of good and evil. The novel tells the story of Dr. Henry Jekyll, a respected scientist who so desperately needs to separate his morality from his self-indulgence. Aware of the evil side of his own being, he seeks to be free of it through scientific experiments resulting into the â€Å"bestial† Mr. Hyde. It’s a simple tale about the good and evil that exist in all of us. Through his brilliance, StevensonRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wrongly

Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency

Question: Discuss about the Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency. Answer: Introduction Planning events is a sensitize process which always involves a consideration of various factors. Each of these factors deserves a careful consideration in order to enhance the success of the event (Allen, 2005). The strategies employed during the planning session largely depend on the nature of the event. This is because the nature of an event leads to a variation in time usage, number of audience, type of meals and accommodation just to mention but few. For instance, when planning for a conference, it is important to factor in the aspect of time and hence allocate the events within the specific time brackets. The other important elements in this case may include; meals, speakers and accommodation. For one reason or another, the strategic plan laid for an event, after being reviewed, may not prove effective enough for the achievement of the specific objectives, it therefore becomes a crucial step to review the plan and make the necessary adjustments (Berridge, 2006). This paper compr ises a report which details the follow up process of a conference. The report shall also include recommendations on the areas that could be adjusted in future and hence improve the effectiveness and quality of the conference in terms of meeting the stated objectives. Details of Changes to the conference program As highlighted by Van der Wagen (2006), it is always important to consider the intended diverse audience during planning. As a result, a good plan ought to be one which adequately addresses the needs of the participants in terms of meals, health aspects, accommodation and access to other requirements (Silvers, 2007). From the review of the conference, it could be noted that some of the participants were not all satisfied with the dietary provisions during the conference. Some of the meals served did not augur well with the participants who were either allergic to them or could be exposed to health complications if they took the foods. Apart from food allergies, some of the participants had various disabilities. Such conditions confine an individual to embrace a particular feeding habit. The nature of catering during the conference took a general trend where food was served on the assumption that all the individuals present were on the same level hence could do well with any of the me als served. By overlooking this crucial need, some of the participants stayed hungry or had to incur extra costs by buying their own meals from alternative venues. Consequently, the conference plan was adjusted so that an allergy free menu is included when it comes to fulfilling the participants dietary requirements (Ridley, 2008). In addition to the main course meals, alternative cuisines ought to be availed to the participants instead of all being confined to one meal course. This idea would provide a liberal environment in which the participants are treated to a variety of options (Getz, 2007). The conference program had a complete detail of each of the sessions and the time allocated for each. The issue of time management never brought much complications but the review reveals a slight imbalance in the durations accorded to some of the sessions. For instance, while some sessions were given little time, others were over timed, this brought in an element of tiredness among the participants. During planning, it would be important to review the contents of each session in order to deduce their magnitude in terms of the ability to fulfill the conferences main theme (Goldblatt, 2010). More theoretical ideas, discussions and lectures ought to happen in the morning when the participants are fresh and relatively energetic. On the other hand, the later afternoon activities ought to involve interaction session instead of the lecture method. This is because later in the day, the participants looked more tired and indicated low levels of concentration. The other suggested adjustment in this case would be making the afternoon sessions shorter and the morning ones long enough. This would enhance the audiences reception to the message due to variations in concentration levels at different times of the day. Furthermore, the location of the conference was considerably ok. The place is well ventilated and fitted with the necessary machines which enable a balance in the environmental conditions (Silvers, 2003). The rooms remain warm enough on a cold rainy day while when it is hot, the fitted fans enable a cooler environment. However, some of the participants had to spend a lot on transport in order to reach the venue. It is therefore important to consider the participants travel needs by noting the distance they have to cover to reach the event venue (Harper, 2009). The location should not only be accessible but also central enough to allow participants reach with ease. Lastly, the aspect of speaker cancellation might lead to a compromise on the quality of delivery to t he participants (Shone and Parry, 2001). It would be advisable, during planning, to maintain a close touch with the speaker to continuously confirm their ability for the event. This step allows the planner to have a stand by alternative which avoid the last minute rushes in case the designated speaker is suddenly unavailable. Discussions of results of the evaluation survey In order to deduce the feedbacks of the participants, the audience was subjected to an evaluation survey. The survey comprised simple open ended questions which the interviewees could easily respond to and their opinions derived from these results. The survey question tested the participants responses on factors such as time management, speaker engagement, and helpfulness of the content as well as the general organization of the content. The graph below summarizes the outcome of the evaluation survey: From the graph above, we can deduce that the participants level of satisfaction towards the overall organization of the conference was high. The participants noted that the contents discussed during the conference did not only expose them in terms of career but also enhanced their knowledge of other important things in life as individuals. The results also indicate that the conference session played a crucial role in ensuring that the participants needs were adequately addressed. As much as these needs might not have been met wholesomely, they were satisfied with the much that was done. The survey results equally indicate that the conference instructors were effective during their deliveries (Johnston and Clark, 2008). Through effective communication tools and appropriate team building activities, the sessions were not only educative but also quite entertaining. From the survey, it can also be deduced that the participants highly rated the quality of the facilities used at the confer ence. For instance, the rooms were spacious and well ventilated which enabled a conducive environment for the conference activities (Robinson, Wale and Dickson, 2010). In terms of the length of the conference and the ratings there in, the survey results show an average rating. This could be decoded to show that time was not adequately managed during the conference. The speaker engagement during the sessions is also highly rated as shown by the survey results. This implies that the speaker ensured the involvement of the participants during the sessions. According to Mondy and Wayne (2014), proper engagement of the audience increases their level of understanding of the content. When they are practically involved in the process of content delivery, they are more likely to grasp the ideas. This reveals that the conference objectives were adequately outlined both to the speakers as well as the participants. As a result, each of the activities carried out were aimed at achieving the state d objectives. The approach therefore played a crucial role in ensuring that the quality of delivery was good with no inclusion of irrelevant details. Consequently, most participants left the conference more exposed and trained on various career aspects.On the other hand, the response of some of the participants when asked whether they would attend another conference of the same kind indicated a relatively low rating in comparison to other categories. This could be attributed to a few challenges noted during the conference which could be adjusted to make the next event better. For instance, the menu did not factor in individual needs as some could not eat due to allergies. In addition, there was no alternative cuisine set aside for those with allergies. At the same time, participants noted that some of the sessions were not time managed appropriately. This led to lengthy session which could affect the quality of reception. Amended Budget During then planning sessions, a prior visit to the venue was made in order to note their rates and prices in line with the goods and services offered at the place. With the basic costs in mind, the budget was made such that the allocated amounts were slightly above the prices indicated by the hosting hotel. By working with a budget which was above the stated prices, it was possible to make adjustments without incurring extra costs. In line with dietary requirements, the amount allocation is likely to vary for future events. The initial budget contained no provisions for alternative cuisines especially for those individuals with food allergies and other health complications. As a result, the amount allocated for foods and drinks could increase by about $5000 dollars. However, due to the fact that there are no any unexpected or additional costs to the final budget, the other portion of the budget shall remain unadjusted. Instead of including additional costs, the extra amounts placed for other elements within the budget could be diverted to cater for the additional cost on foods and drinks. This ways the budget would still involve the same value used in the initial event. Conclusion The success of a conference largely depends on the nature and effectiveness of the planning stage (Monroe and Kates, 2005). Good planning is a recipe for good outcomes during events. On the other hand, poor planning leads to failures and challenges. One of the core factors when planning is the individual needs of the participants in terms of security, comfort, dietary requirements as well as the health conditions (Norman, 2013). With an in-depth knowledge of the type of participants expected for a conference, it becomes possible to put in place the right menus which would accommodate the varying preferences. In addition, planners ought to carefully allocate time to the various sessions. This would play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of discussions, content delivery as well as participants concentration. Finally, by noting the challenges experienced during an event, it becomes possible to identify the areas in need of adjustments in order to make future events more successful (Raj, Walters and Rashid, 2008). Recommendations In order to ensure the success of future conferences, the report outlines the following recommendations for improvement: The conference dates ought to be changed to fall either in August or in September when schools are closed. There is also the Fathers Day and School holiday during this period. Having the function at this time would involve the use of less money since the company could use a function center in Sydney which is cheaper compared to the hotel expenses. The planning ought to involve the use of local business where the participant will not need to be accommodated at the conference center but can drive home after sessions and resume the next day. This strategy would minimize the costs associated with accommodation expenses which were quite high at the place. The planning ought to take into consideration the participants needs in terms of diet and health needs. The menus included in the conferences meal plans should comprise a variety of foods. This way, those individuals with specific feeding habits in relation to their health status can have appropriate alternatives during meals. There is need to observed proper time management as this would go a long way in enhancing the quality of content delivery. The sessions should neither be too long nor too short but balanced depending on the type and magnitude of the content. When too long, the concentration levels of the participants are likely to be lowered as individuals naturally grow tired after long engagements. The speakers ought to effectively engage the audience by initiating open forums and other interactive sessions. This provides an easy environment in which the participants can readily grasp and internalize the contents. The location of the conference venue ought to be accessible and central enough. This would allow the participants and other involved individuals to easily reach the venue. The strategy would not only save on time but on the travel related costs. References Allen, J. (2005) Time Management for Event Planners. New York: Wiley. Berridge, G. (2006) Event Design and Experience. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Getz, D. (2007) Event Studies: Theory, Research and Policy for Planned Events. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Goldblatt, J. (2010) Special Events: A New Generation and the Next Frontier. New York: Wiley. Harper, S. (2009) Configurations of Organizational Effectiveness and Efficiency. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(6), pp. 13451361. Johnston, R. and Clark, G. (2008) Service Operations Management. London: Prentice Hall. Mondy, R. and Wayne, J. (2014) Management of Teams and Groups. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited. Monroe, J. and Kates, R. (2005) Art of the Event: Complete Guide to Designing and Decorating Special Events. New York: Wiley. Norman, T. (2013) Personnel training and development, Annual Review of Psychology, 22(1), pp. 565602. Raj, R., Walters, P., Rashid, T. (2008) Events Management: An Integrated and Practical Approach. London: Sage. Robinson, P., Wale, D., Dickson, G. (2010) Events Management. CABI: Wallingford Shone, A. and Parry, B. (2001) Successful Event Management. London: Continuum. Silvers, J. (2003) Professional Event Coordination. New York: Wiley. Silvers, J. (2007) Risk Management for Meetings and Events. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Ridley, J. (2008) Health and Safety in Brief. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Van der Wagen, L. (2006) Human Resource Management for Events: Managing the event workforce. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

The Effects Of Concussion On Children s National Health System Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of Concussion On Children s National Health System Essay Concussion on children At some point you fall in your life. Whether that is from a simple trip or playing ball on the court. After you fall you never really think of how much damage you just caused or how much worse it could have been. Most of these events are caused by accidents and those accidents can cause concussions. No one wants to have a concussion on purpose. Who really wants their head to feel like it is going to explode? So how can someone prevent this type of accident? They are not planned actions. Throughout the research it was determined that many people believe concussions can not be prevented, but there are some who are trying their best to lower the chances. The soccer federation has banned heading the ball for ages 10 and younger, since younger kids are more likely to have brain damage from receiving even the slightest concussion. (Concussion FAQs Children s National Health System. Concussion FAQs Children s National Health System. N. We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of Concussion On Children s National Health System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now p., n.d. Web.)What is a concussion? A concussion is a complex pathophysiological process that affects the brain. It can be caused from getting hit in the head hard, or to getting an indirect hit to the body causing neurological impairments that resolve spontaneously. A concussion can put anyone at high risk of brain damage and even disability. Medical providers describe concussions as a â€Å"mild† brain injury. (Suspect a Concussion? What You Need to Know Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic. Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic. N.p. , 24 Aug. 2012.)There are several types of symptoms that you may experience when having a concussion. Some symptoms that may be observed are not remembering events that occurred before or after the hit or fall, dazed or stunned and mov. .rect headgear will help reduce the chance of a concussion happening, but it will not fully protect you from a concussion. (No More Heading: US Soccer out with New Guidelines for Youth Soccer.TODAY.com. N.p., n. d.) Concussions can not be fully prevented, but there are ways to lower the chances. It has been proven that there is nothing on the market to prevent concussions. It is very important for you to watch out for signs or symptoms of your child after their head has been hit really hard. Keep your child out of any physical activities till they are completely healed and make sure your child has plenty of rest and plenty nutrients. You are much more likely to receive another concussion if you have had one in the past. Concussions are very serious injuries that could become even more serious if kids do not get the rest that is needed to heal the brain completely.

World War Two essays

World War Two essays World War II was a time of death, destruction and sorrow. The events that took place during this period did, and still do appear quite unbelievable to many people. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki introduced for the first time the power of nuclear weaponry, and the attack on Sydney Harbour by Japanese mini-subs demonstrated the cruel ability of many nations to take innocent lives. World War II was a time for leadership and dominance, the startlingly persuasive Adolf Hitler prime example. Analysing these events carefully is essential if the significance of World War II is to be fully understood. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 were perhaps the most significant events of World War II. On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber took off on a secret mission from Tinian Island in the South Pacific. Its destination was Hiroshima, Japan, and aboard was a 9400-pound atomic bomb, codenamed Little Boy . Just a few months earlier, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States, had made a decision; based largely on his exclusive knowledge that a singular bomb could destroy an entire city, to drop an atomic bomb on Japan following three and a half years of the United States direct and constant involvement in World War II. Japans defeat was vitally important in the United States desire for the war to end, and thus the first ever atomic bombs to be used in combat were constructed. The target of Little Boy was the Aioi Bridge in central Hiroshima, and when the bomb exploded just 280m away from its designated target at 8:15am, its shockwaves destroy ed everything within a four-kilometre radius of the epicentre. Fat Man , the bomb dropped on Nagasaki just three days later at 11:02am , unleashed a force comparable to Little Boy. The nature of the bombings was so shocking, so incomprehensible, that their impact continues to be ...

Killer Charles Ng - A Master of Legal Manipulation

Killer Charles Ng - A Master of Legal Manipulation (Continued From Profile of Sadistic Killer Charles Ng) Ng Changes His Identity to Mike Komoto As investigators uncovered the grisly crime scene at the bunker, Charles Ng was on the run. Investigators learned from Leonard Lakes ex-wife, Claralyn Balasz, that Ng contacted her shortly after running from the lumberyard. She met with him and agreed to drive him to his apartment for clothing and to pick up a paycheck. She said he was carrying a gun, ammunition, two fake I.D.s in the name of Mike Komoto and that she let him off at the San Francisco airport, but did not know where he was going. Busted On Shoplifting In Canada Ngs movement was traced from San Francisco to Chicago to Detroit and then into Canada. The investigation uncovered enough evidence to charge Ng with 12 counts of murder. Ng managed to avoid authorities for over a month, but his poor shoplifting abilities landed him in jail in Calvary after he fought with the arresting police and shot one of them in the hand. Ng was in a Canadian jail, charged with robbery, attempted robbery, possession of a firearm and attempted murder. U.S. authorities became aware of Ngs arrest, but because Canada had abolished the death penalty, extradition of Ng to the U.S. was refused. U.S. authorities were permitted to interview Ng in Canada at which time Ng blamed Lake for most of the killings at the bunker but admitted to being involved in the disposal of the bodies. His trial for the robbery and assault charges in Canada resulted in a sentence of four-and-a-half years, which he spent learning about U.S. laws. Cartoons Drawn By Ng Tell All Ng also entertained himself by drawing cartoons depicting murder scenes, some that contained details of killings that replicated those that went on at Wilseyville that only someone involved in the murders would have known. One other factor that sealed little doubt of Ngs involvement in the pairs killing spree was one witness who Ng had left for dead, but survived. The witness identified Ng as the man who attempted to kill him, rather than Lake. Ng Is Extradited To The U.S. After a six-year battle between the U.S. Justice Department and Canada, Charles Ng was extradited to the U.S. on Sept. 26, 1991, to face trial on 12 murder charges. Ng, familiar with American laws, worked relentlessly to delay his trial. Ultimately, Ngs case became one of the most costly cases in U.S. history, costing taxpayers an estimated $6.6 million for the extradition efforts alone. Ng Begins To Play With The U.S. Legal System When Ng reached the U.S. he and his team of lawyers began to manipulate the legal system with endless delay tactics that included formal complaints about receiving bad food and bad treatment. Ng also filed a $1 million malpractice suit against lawyers he had dismissed at various times during his pre-trial hearings. Ng also wanted his trial to be moved to Orange County, a motion that would be presented to California Supreme Court at least five times before it was upheld. Ngs Trial Finally Begins In October 1998, after 13 years of various delays and $10 million in costs, the trial of Charles Chitat Ng began. His defense team presented Ng as being an unwilling participant and was forced to take part in Lakes sadistic murder spree. Because of the videos presented by the prosecutors showing Ng forcing two women to engage in sex after threatening them with knives, the defense admitted that Ng merely participate in the sexual offenses. Ng insisted on taking the stand, which allowed prosecutors to submit more evidence that helped define Ngs role in all aspects of the ghoulish crimes that went on in the bunker, including murder. One significant piece of evidence presented were pictures of Ng standing in his cell with the telling cartoons he had sketched of the victims hanging on the wall behind him. A Fast Decision From The Jury After years of delays, several tons of paperwork, millions of dollars, and many of the victims loved ones deceased, the trial of Charles Ng ended. The jury deliberated for a few hours and returned with a verdict of guilty of the murder of six men, three women, and two babies. The jury recommended the death penalty, a sentence that trial Judge Ryan imposed. The List of Known Victims Other pieces of bone found on the property indicated that over 25 other people were killed by Lake and Ng. Investigators suspect that many were homeless and recruited to the property to help build the bunker, then killed. Kathleen Allen and her boyfriend, Michael Carroll.Investigators believe that Kathleen was lured to the cabin when Lake told her that Michael had been shot. Kathleen was one of the two women who appeared on the video as Lake and Ng mentally and physically tortured her, eventually raping and killing her. Michael was a suspected drug dealer who at one time was a cellmate of Ngs at Leavenworth.Brenda OConnor, Lonnie Bond and baby Lonnie Jr.Brenda and her common-law husband, Lonnie, were next door neighbors of  Leonard  Lake. Brenda was shown on the video begging for knowledge of her babys welfare while the two taunted her and threatened her and the life of her baby if she failed to cooperate with their sexual demands. It is believed that at the time the video was made, Lonnie and Lonnie Jr. had already been killed.Harvey Dubs, Deborah Dubs and baby Sean Dubs.It is believed that the family was murdered after Lake answered an advertisement for camera equipment that Harvey was selling.R obin Scott Stapley Randy JohnsonCharles The Fat Man Gunnar - Leonard Lakes best man.Donald Lake - Leonards brother.Paul Cosner - The owner of the Honda. Charles Ng sits on death row at San Quentin prison in California. He advertises himself online as a dolphin caught inside a tuna net. He continues to appeal his death sentence and it may take several years for his sentence to be carried out. Return to Profile of Charles Ng Source:Justice Denied - The Ng Case bu Joseph Harrington and Robert BurgerJourney into Darkness by John E. Douglas

Critical debates in planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Critical debates in planning - Essay Example sents a violation of the principles of equal rights, but that this situation, although highly advantageous to certain economic interests, has been justified by government by the first assertion related to instrumental participation. It follows therefore that, if third-party rights of challenge can be shown to have relevance beyond self-interest, in principle the inequality of rights cannot be justified. It cannot be ignored that, although rights are problematic as a contested concept, they generally represent a valuable and accepted mechanism for safeguarding fundamental attributes of liberal democracies. A key difficulty, however, is that, within planning, rights discourses tend to have emphasized rights as vehicles for expressing interests, rather than emphasizing the values that they seek to protect. As a result, the invoking of rights becomes seen as a problem of how to manage competing interests in the context of other models of accountability for example representative democrac y. This has been justified by the fact that it is possible to challenge the grant of planning permission in the h high court by judicial review. This argument stems from the fact that judicial review the in the high court is very different from an appeal planning inspector and involves for greater costs. Barclays also points out that there’s need for third party rights because of perceived injustice in the procedures for participation in planning in that prospective developers may appeal against refusal whereas third parties cannot appeal against approval. There should be an opportunity for those disadvantaged and aggrieved by planning approvals to seek redress from an independent body. A third party right of appeal is not really necessary because by default they are involved in the planning process right from preparation, application and planning appeal. He reinforces his arguments by dismissing the fact that developer rights in planning evolve and are not sacrosanct because

Building of the Holocaust Memorial Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Building of the Holocaust Memorial - Movie Review Example ions of the gay and lesbian population, and not including these people in this Holocaust memorial could make it seem like they are less valued by the German people, like their murders were less of a travesty than the murders of Jews. On the other hand, many point out that the main targets of the Holocaust were Jews, and the main ideology and iconography of the Nazi party were anti-Jewish, and it is thus important to single out the attacks on Jews against the attacks on everyone else, and perhaps give other people who were victims of the Holocaust their own memorials to honour their deaths. One of the most interesting sections of this video is the opinions of the original architect and designer of the memorial on what has been done around it. One of the biggest disappointments for the designer was the fact that other people chose to put an underground informational center (the Ort) as part of the installation. He was against this decision, and it is interesting to see how even the lead designer of a project like this does not necessarily have complete control over their project. â€Å"Building the Holocaust Memorial† is an interesting take on the construction of an important site in Germany. It shows that even a simple act of goodwill, like building a memorial to the victims of one of the most atrocious assaults on humanity in history can be fraught with political and ethical difficulties, and that nothing is as simple as it seems on the

Everglades national park Essay Example for Free

Everglades national park Essay National Park stretches over 1. illion acres and is the largest wilderness in the Southeast. Wetlands and swamps cover half of the land which contains 10,000 islands! The Everglades, called the River of Grass because the area is largely a river sometimes 60 miles wide, is not a marsh or swamp. In the past hundred years, people have been digging canals and building dams in the Everglades so they could take water out of it. They built so many canals and drained so much water that the natural flow is interrupted. Acadia National Park Acadia National Park was established in 1919 by President Wilson, originally called as Lafayette National Park. Acadia National Park is located on Mount Desert and covers half of the island. This park is the first park east of the Mississippi river. 120 miles in Acadia National Park are hiking and biking trails, fishing, rock climbing, and boating. The highest mountain in it is the Cadillac Mountain and the shortest is the Flying Mountain. Jordans Pond is the deepest lake at 150 feet deep. Acadia National Park is the tenth most visited National Park. A National Park is a park the government takes up the responsibility of. National Parks are built to preserve land and educate people on nature.

Sikh Dharma :: essays research papers

Sikh Dharma, the youngest of the world religions, is barely five hundred years old. Its founder, Guru Nanak, was born in 1469. Guru Nanak spread a simple message of "Ek Ong Kar": we are all one, created by the One Creator of all Creation. This was at a time when India was being torn apart by castes, sectarianism, religious factions, and fanaticism. He aligned with no religion, and respected all religions. He expressed the reality that there is one God and many paths, and the Name of God is Truth, "Sat Nam". Guru Nanak's followers were Sikhs (seekers of truth). He taught them to bow only before God, and to link themselves to the Guru, the Light of Truth, who lives always in direct consciousness of God, experiencing no separation. Through words and example, the Guru demonstrates to followers how to experience God within themselves, bringing them from darkness into light. Guru Nanak was a humble bearer of this Light of Truth. He opposed superstition, injustice, and hypocrisy and inspired seekers by singing divine songs which touched the hearts of the most callous listeners. These songs were recorded, and formed the beginnings of the Sikhs' sacred writings, later to become the "Siri Guru Granth Sahib".Guru Nanak taught his way of life:Nam Japa - To get up each day before sunrise, to clean the body, meditate on God's Name and recite the Guru's hymns to clean the mind. Throughout the day, continuously remember God's Name with every breath.Dharam di Kirat Karni - To work and earn by the sweat of the brow, to live a family way of life, and practice truthfulness and honesty in all dealings.Vand Ke Chakna - To share the fruits of one's labor with others before considering oneself. Thus, to live as an inspiration and a support to the entire community.The Golden Chain The foundation of Sikh Dharma was laid down by Guru Nanak. Guru Nanak infused his own consciousness into a disciple, who then became Guru, subsequently passing the light on to the next, and so on. The word "Guru" is derived from the root words "Gu", which means darkness or ignorance, and "Ru", which means light or knowledge The Guru is the experience of Truth (God).Each one of the ten Gurus represents a divine attribute:Guru Nanak - Humility Guru Angad - Obedience Guru Amar Das — Equality Guru Ram Das -

Xacc 280- Week 7 Check Point Ratio

Calculations- Liabilities and Assets for PepsiCo Inc. based on their consolidated Balance Sheet Current Ratio= 10,454 (Current Assets)| = 1. 11%| 9,406 (Current Liabilities)| | 2005 2004 Current Ratio= 8,639 (Current Assets)| = 1. 28%| 6,752 (Current Liabilities)| | | Vertical Analysis- 2005 %= 1,716 (Cash, and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 054 or 5. 4%| 3,1727 (Total Assets)| | Vertical Analysis- 2004 %= 1,280 (Cash and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 46 or 4. 6%| 27,987 (Total Assets)| | Horizontal Analysis- 2005 (10454 (total current assets 2005) / (8639 (total current assets 2004) = 1. 2101| Or 21%| Horizontal Analysis- 2004 (9404 (total current liabilities 2005) / (6752 (total current liabilities 2004) = 1. 393| Or 39%| These analysis show: that the PepsiCo has had an increase in assets by 21%, with an increase in liabilities of 39%. This is a result of the company obtaining more liabilities. | Calculations- Liabilities and Assets for Coca-Cola Co. based on their consolidated Balance Sheet 2005 Current Ratio= 10,250 (Current Assets)| = %| 9,836(Current Liabilities)| | 2004 Current Ratio= 12,281 (Current Assets)| = %| 11,133(Current Liabilities)| | Vertical Analysis- 2005 %= 4,701(Cash, and Cash Equivalent)| = 0. 1598 or | 29,427(Total Assets)| | Vertical Analysis- 2004 %= 6,707(Cash and Cash Equivalent)| =0. 133 | 31,441(Total Assets)| | Horizontal Analysis- 2005 (10250 (total current assets 2005) / (12,281 (total current assets 2004) = 0. 8835| Or 83. 5 %| Horizontal Analysis- 2004 (9,836(total current liabilities 2005) / (11,133(total current liabilities 2004) = | Or 88. 35%| | | These analysis show: that the Coca-Cola Co. have had a decrease in assets between of 83. 5%, and more of a decrease in liabilities of 88. 35% between the years 2004-2005.

Miss Julie: Examining the Nature of Pathos Essay

Miss Julie is an adaptation of August Strindberg’s play – directed and composed by Mike Figgis. Overall, the film remains faithful to the play. However, an indispensable distinction is the addition of a sex scene. After Julie and Jean hear her servants singing a lewd song, they copulate. Because Strindberg’s audience would have had different sensibilities, the act is merely hinted at in the original. For example, Julie says â€Å"there are no barriers between us now† (87) In the film however, the act is explicit, raw, and degrading. In Strindberg’s original, the act stems out of mutual lust, with Julie as the seductress. However, in the film, it is initiated by Jean, out of a desire to ascend social rankings and to see Julie toppled from her pedestal. Hence, the proper term for their act is not â€Å"love-making†, not â€Å"sex†, but – defilement. The net effect achieved by the sound effects, camera angles, and casting invokes pathos towards Julie. After the sex scene, the violin refrain is layered with complex chords in the minor key, conveying a poignant sentiment. Conversely, in the sex scene, the only soundtrack is the ambient noise- the feral panting audible. After the bawdy tune, the fiddling fades, replaced by a violin playing one sustained note in the minor key to augment tension. The music stops just as the camera zooms into Jean’s quarters and the split screen commences. With no music to buffer the debasement on the screen, the audience’s feelings of revulsion are amplified. The camera progresses from medium shots to close-ups of their faces, creating a voyeuristic effect. It trails from Julie’s boots, along her body, to her lips, conveying the intimacy of their union. However, Julie’s eyes are devoid of passion and her porcelain demeanour intermingled with childlike fragility and the sordid nature of the defilement is chilling. The split-screen illustrates the couple from different angles, one closing up on the faces, and the other focused on their bodies. The spasmodic cameras heighten the frenetic atmosphere. As they climax, the two screens close up to their faces and their two perspectives are made one, just as the act of sex unifies perceptions. Another deviation from the play is the difference between the couple in age, appearance, and height. In the play, Miss Julie is 25 and Jean is 30. (1) However, in the film, Jean appears in his fifties, sporting a balding dome and wrinkled forefront. To evoke indignity that Strindberg’s audience would have experienced from solely the status discrepancy, an older man was cast. Moreover, Julie is waifish, with a patrician demeanour and a childlike vulnerability whereas Jean is stout and aging. Jean’s unsightly appearance is an outward manifestation of his inferior status. The height difference symbolizes their class disparity. Before the act, Jean’s face is nestled in her neck. After, Julie is slumped back, literally looking up to him, revealing the power shift that has just taken place, inviting the audience to commiserate with her plight as she wrings her hands in remorse. Works Cited Strindberg, August. Miss Julie and Other Plays, translated by Michael Robinson. Oxford University Press: New York, 1998.

42 Must-Read Feminist Female Authors

42 Must-Read Feminist Female Authors What is a feminist writer? The definition has changed over time, and in different generations, it can mean different things. For the purposes of this list, a feminist writer is one whose works of fiction, autobiography, poetry, or drama highlighted the plight of women or societal inequalities that women struggled against. Although this list highlights female writers, its worth noting that gender isnt a prerequisite for being considered feminist. Here are some notable female writers whose works have a decidedly feminist viewpoint. Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) Russian poet recognized both for her accomplished verse techniques and for her complex yet principled opposition to the injustices, repressions, and persecutions that took place in the early Soviet Union. She wrote her best-known work, the lyric poem Requiem, in secret over a five-year period between 1935 and 1940, describing the suffering of Russians under Stalinist rule. Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) Feminist and transcendentalist with strong family ties to Massachusetts, Louisa May Alcott is best known for her 1868 novel about four sisters, Little Women, based on an idealized version of her own family. Isabel Allende (born 1942) Chilean-American writer known for writing about female protagonists in a literary style known as magical realism. Shes best known for novels The House of the Spirits (1982) and Eva Luna (1987). Maya Angelou (1928-2014) African-American author, playwright, poet, dancer, actress, and singer, who wrote 36 books, and acted in plays and musicals. Angelous most famous work is the autobiographical I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). In it, Angelou spares no detail of her chaotic childhood. Margaret Atwood (born 1939) Canadian writer whose early childhood was spent living in the wilderness of Ontario. Atwoods most well-known work is The Handmaids Tale (1985). It tells the story of a near-future dystopia in which the main character and narrator, a woman called Offred, is kept as a concubine (handmaid) for reproductive purposes. Jane Austen (1775-1817) Jane Austen was an English novelist whose name did not appear on her popular works until after her death. She led a relatively sheltered life, yet wrote some of the best-loved stories of relationships and marriage in Western literature. Her novels include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1812), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma  (1815), Persuasion (1819) and Northanger Abbey (1819). Charlotte Brontà « (1816-1855) Charlotte Brontà «s 1847 novel Jane Eyre is one of the most-read and most-analyzed works of English literature. The sister of Anne and Emily Bronte, Charlotte was the last survivor of six siblings, the children of a parson and his wife, who died in childbirth. Its believed that Charlotte heavily edited Annes and Emilys work after their deaths. Emily Brontà « (1818-1848) Charlottes sister wrote arguably one of the most prominent and critically-acclaimed novels in Western literature, Wuthering Heights. Very little is known about when Emily Brontà « wrote this Gothic work, believed to be her only novel, or how long it took her to write. Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) First African American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize, she earned the award in 1950 for her book of poetry Annie Allen. Brooks earlier work, a collection of poems called, A Street in Bronzeville (1945), was praised as an unflinching portrait of life in Chicagos inner city. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) One of the most popular British poets of the Victorian era, Browning is best known for her Sonnets from the Portuguese, a collection of love poems she wrote secretly during her courtship with fellow poet Robert Browning. Fanny Burney (1752-1840) English novelist, diarist, and playwright who wrote satirical novels about English aristocracy. Her novels include Evelina, published anonymously in 1778, and The Wanderer (1814). Willa Cather (1873-1947) Cather was an American writer known for her novels about life on the Great Plains. Her works include O Pioneers! (1913), The Song of the Lark (1915), and My Antonia (1918). She won the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours (1922), a novel set in World War I. Kate Chopin (1850-1904) Author of short stories and novels, which included The Awakening and other short stories such as A Pair of Silk Stockings, and The Story of an Hour, Chopin explored feminist themes in most of her work. Christine de Pizan (c.1364-c.1429) Author of The Book of the City of Ladies, de Pizan was a medieval writer whose work shed light on the lives of medieval women. Sandra Cisneros (born 1954) Mexican-American writer is best known for her novel The House on Mango Street (1984) and her short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) Recognized among the most influential of American poets, Emily Dickinson lived most of her life as a recluse in Amherst, Massachusetts. Many of her poems, which had strange capitalization and dashes, can be interpreted to be about death. Among her most well-known poems are Because I Could Not Stop for Death, and A Narrow Fellow in the Grass. George Eliot (1819-1880) Born Mary Ann Evans, Eliot wrote about social outsiders within political systems in small towns. Her novels included The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), and Middlemarch (1872). Louise Erdrich (born 1954) A writer of Ojibwe heritage whose works focus on Native Americans. Her 2009 novel The Plague of Doves was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Marilyn French (1929-2009) American writer whose work highlighted gender inequalities. He best-known work was her 1977 novel The Womens Room. Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) Part of the New England Transcendentalist movement, Margaret Fuller was a confidant of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and a feminist when womens rights were not robust. Shes known for her work as a journalist at the New York Tribune, and her essay Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) A feminist scholar whose best-known work is her semi-autobiographical short story The Yellow Wallpaper, about a woman suffering from mental illness after being confined to a small room by her husband. Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) Lorraine Hansberry  is an author and playwright whose best-known work is the 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun. It was the first Broadway play by an African-American woman to be produced on Broadway. Lillian Hellman (1905-1984) Playwright best known for the 1933 play The Childrens Hour, which was banned in several places for its depiction of a lesbian romance. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) Writer whose best-known work is the controversial 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909) New England novelist and poet, known for her style of writing, referred to as American literary regionalism, or local color. Her best-known work is the 1896 short story collection The Country of the Pointed Firs. Margery Kempe (c.1373-c.1440) A medieval writer known for dictating the first autobiography written in English (she could not write). She was said to have religious visions which informed her work. Maxine Hong Kingston (born 1940) Asian-American writer whose work focuses on Chinese immigrants in the U.S. Her best-known work is her 1976 memoir The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. Doris Lessing (1919-2013) Her 1962 novel The Golden Notebook is considered a leading feminist work. Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) Poet and feminist who received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923 for The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver. Millay made no attempts to hide her bisexuality, and themes exploring sexuality can be found throughout her writing. Toni Morrison (born 1931) The first African-American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1993, Toni Morrisons best-known work is her 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved, about a freed slave haunted by her daughters ghost. Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938) Prolific novelist and short-story writer whose work deals with themes of oppression, racism, sexism, and violence against women. Her works include Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (1966), Because it is Bitter, and Because it is My Heart (1990) and We Were the Mulvaneys (1996). Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) Poet and novelist whose best-known work was her autobiography The Bell Jar (1963). Sylvia Plath, who suffered from depression, also is known for her 1963 suicide. In 1982, she became the first poet to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize posthumously, for her Collected Poems. Adrienne Rich (1929-2012) Adrienne Rich  was an award-winning poet, longtime American feminist, and prominent lesbian. She wrote more than a dozen volumes of poetry and several non-fiction books. Rich won the National Book Award in 1974 for Diving Into the Wreck, but refused to accept the award individually, instead sharing it with fellow nominees Audre Lorde and Alice Walker. Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) English poet known for her mystical religious poems, and the feminist allegory in her best-known narrative ballad, Goblin Market. George Sand (1804-1876) French novelist and memoirist whose real name was Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin Dudevant. Her works include La Mare au Diable (1846), and La Petite Fadette (1849). Sappho (c.610 B.C.-c.570 B.C.) Most well-known of the ancient Greek women poets associated with the island of Lesbos. Sappho wrote odes to the goddesses and lyric poetry, whose style gave name to Sapphic meter. Mary Shelley (1797-1851) Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley  was a novelist best known for Frankenstein, (1818); married to the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) Suffragist who fought for womens voting rights, known for her 1892 speech Solitude of Self, her autobiography Eighty Years and More and  The Womans Bible. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) Gertrude Steins Saturday salons in Paris drew artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Her best-known works are Three Lives (1909) and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). Toklas and Stein were longtime partners. Amy Tan (born 1952) Her best-known work is the 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club, about the lives of Chinese-American women and their families. Alice Walker (born 1944) Alice Walkers best-known work is the 1982 novel The Color Purple, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Shes also famous for her rehabilitation of the work of Zora Neale Hurston. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) One of the most prominent literary figures of the early 20th century, with novels like Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse (1927). Virginia Woolfs best-known work is her 1929 essay A Room of Ones Own.

Typical Flame Temperature for Different Fuels

Typical Flame Temperature for Different Fuels This is a list of flame temperatures for various common fuels. Adiabatic flame temperatures for common gases are provided for air and oxygen. For these values, the initial temperature of air, gas, and oxygen are 20 Â °C. MAPP is a mixture of gases, chiefly methyl acetylene, and propadiene with other hydrocarbons. Youll get the most bang for your buck, relatively speaking, from acetylene in oxygen (3100Â °C) and either acetylene (2400Â °C), hydrogen (2045Â °C), or propane (1980Â °C) in the air. Flame Temperatures This table lists flame temperature alphabetically according to the name of the fuel. Celsius and Fahrenheit values are cited, as available. Fuel Flame Temperature acetylene 3,100 C (oxygen), 2,400 C (air) blowtorch 1,300 C (2,400 F, air) Bunsen burner 1,300-1,600 C (2,400-2,900 F, air) butane 1,970 C (air) candle 1,000 C (1,800 F, air) carbon monoxide 2,121 C (air) cigarette 400-700 C (750-1,300 F, air) ethane 1,960 C (air) hydrogen 2,660 C (oxygen), 2,045 C (air) MAPP 2,980 C (oxygen) methane 2,810 C (oxygen), 1,957 C (air) natural gas 2,770 C (oxygen) oxyhydrogen 2,000 C or more (3,600 F, air) propane 2,820 C (oxygen), 1,980 C (air) propane butane mix 1,970 C (air) propylene 2870 C (oxygen)

Easy Jet Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Easy Jet Airlines - Essay Example The CEO - Stelios is known for exceptional decision-making and problem-solving skills (including correct analysis, comparison of alternatives, and selecting best alternative), Value driven; possesses qualities of honesty and integrity, Takes initiative and plans accordingly (includes planning, organizational, and time and conflict management skills), Holds accountability for actions, Knowledge in given field, Observant and reacts to employee/customer needs, Effectively assumes responsibility and rewards/punishes accordingly, Promotes team-building and relationship building. Stelios, founder and CEO of easyJet Airlines, want to offer low cost airlines to its customer & to become leader in airline industries. He believed that in order to be successful, it was important to be first to market and to saturate the geographic market. The main issue with the easyJet is that due to monopoly of European Airline Industry, it is very difficult to become the global leader in Airline Industry. Due to monopoly of European airlines, easyJet airlines are not able to enter in to the European countries. For that Stelios had done a lot of efforts to attract passengers towards easyJet. He offered low cost tickets, easy ticketing procedure through internet or phone call, and also he purchase some front seat tickets of an European airlines and send his employee in a uniform that is advertising for Easy Jet. It means some passengers traveling in an European airlines are advertising for Easyjet Airlines. To succeed successfully in the airline industry, a company must be led by a visionary leader with good decision making skills. The leader must be in-line with the organizational culture, promoting a favorable internal environment. In order to become the global leader, Stelios, founder & CEO of jet Airlines tries his hand in other business in 1999. Among his pet projects was the creation of a cyber cafà © business called easyEverything cafà ©. easyEverything will provide internet at lower cost (Less than a phone

In the Introduction to Democracy in America, Tocqueville claims that a Essay

In the Introduction to Democracy in America, Tocqueville claims that a great democratic revolution is taking place and tha - Essay Example He believed the creation of America, a land of equality and liberty, where all workers are valued with high esteem is a prominent step in world history. Hence he defined it as the â€Å"most continuous, the oldest, and the most permanent fact known in history†. Why Marx Won’t Agree? Karl Marx saw American Democracy as a mere power shift from monarchies to capitalistic companies he referred as â€Å"bourgeoisie†. Karl Marx differed with Tocqueville because of several reasons. The communists were very clear no social equality would prevail in a country whose economy is driven by capitalism. So, who was actually right? In a sense both of them were right. Both these scholars interpreted the happenings of their time with the wisdom they gained from the circumstances they were born, bought up and lived. Tocqueville was a born in a family regarded with high esteem in France. His family was equivalent to that of nobles. He studied politics and pursued a career in the sam e. Born on 1805, the most prominent occurrences of his time revolved around the American Independence and the French Revolution. Tocqueville was bought up as an aristocrat, but his compassion and humanity made him think revolutionarily. He wanted to do something to improve the pathetic life of the peasants. His mindset did not allow him to see them as the equals of the nobles. He viewed the American democracy which provided great labour freedom, high wages and the ability for everyone to become rich as the best way to improve the lives of the struggling men. His view of helping the workers was quite capitalistic. It was seen from the prospective of a noble or a company head. It was similar to a parental love expressed to children. The parents do what they think is best for the children. It is up to the child to make use of the facilities and prosper in life. A Practical and Foresighted View Karl Marx was born on 1818 in Germany. He belonged to a modest middle-cast family. He got mor e chance to mix with the less deprived people in the society directly. He was one amongst them, who rose to great fame, not because of high class education or family background, but just through his self-acquired intellectuality. His view about American capitalism and democracy is similar to that of a friends approach to a fellow’s problem. Friends understand better than parents as they are in a similar situation to the child. A child can grow without parents, but not without friends. Hence, Marx theories gain more importance than Tocqueville principles. Marx’s view of democracy means keeping everything common for everybody, converting every labour into an owner and every owner into a worker. Abraham Lincoln expressed the same view in a different way in his Gettysburg Address. He said â€Å"As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master.† He strongly believed anything different from this would only damage democracy. Two Different Poles Tocqueville thought wealth distribution was unnecessary. He simply felt the steps taken by the American government to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich are enough. He strongly felt, division of property will only increase poor’s hatred towards the rich (De Tocqueville, 192). He had no second thoughts about presenting enough opportunities for everyone though. This is where Marx and Tocqueville differ like opposite poles of a magnet. Marx argues there should be no such opportunity present to anyone, as it will pave for another dominant class. The communists

Labor Productivity and Wage Rate in Different Countries Essay

Labor Productivity and Wage Rate in Different Countries - Essay Example Relative wage in a certain country is evaluated through comparison with the wage in another country. Furthermore, the differences in countries’ labor productivity levels are a crucial determinant of their relative wage differences. In this case, there is a ratio derived from the relative wages based on labor productivity levels in different countries. On the other hand, decreased productivity in a given country leads to a subsequent decrease in wages. For instance, the wage rates in various countries relative to America are the same as their productivity relative America. Moreover, according to Nir (7), there is a positive relationship between the real wage and labor productivity, which is explained through the economic theory. Therefore, holding other factors constant, workers’ output leads to increased compensation, which is increased wage rate. Workers in different countries around the world have been experiencing difficulties for the past decade. In fact, a global wage report from the International Labor Organizations indicated that growth of productivity exceeded the growth of real wage in numerous economies around the world for the period 1999 to 2007 (Economist.com, 1). For instance, the inflation reduced the purchasing power of worker with dormant wages in countries such as U.S and Japan. In this case, this left workers with significant problems despite the average growth of two percent in labor productivity during that period. In a country like Germany, the recession experienced during the year 2008 caused a decrease in the level of real wages, though there was an increase in the level of productivity (Economist.com, 1). There has been a more rapid increase in the level of labor productivity in various European countries compared to the rates of wages.  

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique This Research will critically discuss the problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction with regard to Internal Crimes by National courts The bases upon which Jurisdiction can be assumed under International Law are: 1. Territorial Principle 2. Protective or Security Principle 3. Nationality Principle 4. Passive Personality Principle 5. Universality Principle. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION Unlike the territorial principle where jurisdiction is assumed based on the place where the crime is committed, the protective principle which permits jurisdiction to be assumed when the interest of the state is threatened, Nationality principle which looks to the nationality of the offender and the passive personality principle which looks to the nationality of the victim of the crime, Universal jurisdiction looks solely to the crime and jurisdiction is assumed on this basis. King-Irani stated that Universal jurisdiction is based on customary law as well as an international consensus, that some crimes are so heinous that they threaten the entire human race.[1] Perpetrators of such crimes are considered to be enemies of all mankind and in that lies the right and authority of all states to prosecute perpetrators of such crimes. This really is the foundation of the Universal Jurisdiction principle. The International Council on Human Rights Policy in its booklet on Universal Jurisdiction explained Universal Jurisdiction to mean a system of international justice that gives the courts of any country jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, regardless of where or when the crime was committed, and the nationality of the victims or perpetrators. It allows the prosecution of certain crimes before the courts of any country even if the accused, the victim, or the crime, has no link to that country.[2] Universal Jurisdiction is usually invoked over International Crimes. Problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction frustrate prosecution of international crimes on the basis of Universal jurisdiction; they threaten the continued prosecution of international crimes by states and can undermine the effective administration of justice at the international level. Some of these problems are: UNCERTAINTY AS TO THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISIDCTION Uncertainty of the scope of Universal Jurisdiction takes different forms; uncertainty as to its true meaning, mode of its application and the crimes over which it applies are issues that have made the scope of Universal Jurisdiction uncertain. Luc Reydams in a paper written for the European Parliaments Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) stated that Most..agree that Universal Jurisdiction exists but everyone has a different understanding of what it means[3] Reydams further states that the problem with Universal Jurisdiction starts with its definition; its definition is too broad, and it leaves so much undefined thus failing to satisfy the legal requirement of certainty. There is no consensus on the offences in respect of which Universal Jurisdiction can be exercised and there also exists differing views on the true meaning of Universal Jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction arose in the context of piracy, and it remains the most longstanding and uncontroversial Universal Jurisdiction crime.[4] David Stewart in identifying one of the challenges of Universal Jurisdiction stated that Difficulty lies in knowing exactly which crimes qualify for unilateral prosecution by any and all states. Even if one accepts that, as a matter of international law, jurisdiction must be limited to crimes of universal concern, there is no means for determining exactly which offenses fall into that category.[5] The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction states the fundamentals of Universal Jurisdiction as its first principle; under this it states that Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted with reference to the crime only; such crimes should be serious crimes.ÂÂ   In its second principle, it states that the serious crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted are piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity genocide and torture. The Princeton principles further states that the exercise of jurisdiction in respect to the above listed crimes is without prejudice to other International Crimes under International Law. This raises a fundamental question; what are the parameters for determining the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted? It is generally agreed that while Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted over International crimes, it is not every International crime that can be subject to Universal Jurisdiction? Dr. Oner states that some International crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction as a matter of Customary International Law and some others as a result of treaty.[6] He opines that those are the two ways of ascertaining what crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction.[7] He traces the history of how different crimes came to be recognised as International crimes over which Universal jurisdiction could be asserted, his work would be relied on in tracing the history of those crimes. Piracy is the oldest recognised crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed, the basis of asserting Universal Jurisdiction over this crime lies in the fact that it is committed in a place which cannot be categorised as the territory of any state; the High Seas. It was an offence that affected every state; hence all states had the authority to combat it. This is the only crime over which it is generally accepted that Universal Jurisdiction can be asserted over. Jurisdiction over this crime arose under customary law and it was later recognised by treaties. Jurisdiction was later extended to Hijacking by virtue of Article 4 of 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea. After the Second World War and the application of Universal Jurisdiction to the prosecution of War crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, they gained acceptance as International Crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction could be asserted both under Customary International Law and treaties which created an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite.[8] With time more Conventions on certain other offences also placed an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite persons who have committed certain crimes; Universal Jurisdiction was therefore extended to certain other offences such as Torture.[9] Another arm of this problem is national legislation of states on Universal Jurisdiction. The scope of such legislation determines the extent of Jurisdiction that can be assumed over International Crimes, and crimes over which Universal jurisdiction may be asserted. Some states have expanded the scope of crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be assumed under their laws, some others have tried to maintain the scope asÂÂ   has been ascertained by them Under International Law, while some others have conferred jurisdiction on their national courts in a very limited manner. States have delimited the scope of Universal Jurisdiction in their respective jurisdictions by their respective laws. Mark Ellis stated that As much of the international community promotes universal jurisdiction, state practice is limiting the scope and use of it. AND this is being done without much notice. [10] Ellis further opined that The propensity of states retaining a more expansive view of jurisdictional reach is ending. The discernible trend is moving towards a more restrictive interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction.[11] The absence of uniformity in the legislation of states conferring jurisdiction on their respective courts to assert Universal Jurisdiction poses a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction because the exercise of jurisdiction by one state may be opposed by another, especially when its nationals are involved. One factor which is closely related to the uncertain scope of Universal Jurisdiction is uncertainty as to the factors which must exist before a state can assume jurisdiction. One of such factors is whether the Accused or the person over whom jurisdiction is sought to be asserted is within the territory of the prosecuting state; this is referred to as Jurisdiction in Absentia. Zemach in defining Jurisdiction in Absentia adopted the definition of Colangelo thus: Universal jurisdiction in absentia can be roughly defined as the conducting of an investigation, the issuing of an arrest warrant, and/or the bringing of criminal charges based on the principle of universal jurisdiction when the defendant is not present in the territory of the acting state. This definition does not include adjudication of the case.[12] Many states are reluctant to assert Jurisdiction unless the accused is within their territory. This is consistent with the extradite or prosecute obligation imposed on states by quite a number of Conventions which permit the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction; the obligation to prosecute or extradite only arises when the offender is within the territory of the state. It could therefore be argued that the implication of this is that the Conventions which place an obligation on states to prosecute or extradite do not envisage the exercise of Jurisdiction in absentia. This problem is further compounded by the absence of consensus on whether Jurisdiction in absentia is permitted under International Law.ÂÂ   Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal observed, in their Joint Separate Opinion as follows: is it a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction that the accused be within the territory?ÂÂ   Considerable confusion surrounds this topic, not helped by the fact that legislators, courts and writers alike frequently fail to specify the precise temporal moment at which any such requirement is said to be in play. Is the presence of the accused within the jurisdiction said to be required at the time the offence was committed? At the time the arrest warrant is issued? Or at the time of the trial itself? .. This incoherent practice cannot be said to evidence a precondition to any exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction. [13] Rabinovitch, echoes the position of proponents of Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia when he stated that State practice in recent years has increasingly supported the view that States may exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia if they so desire,[14] provided there are safeguards to prevent an abuse of the accused rights. Judge Ranjeva in his Declaration held a contrary view; he stated that developments in International Law did not result in the recognition of Jurisdiction in absentia.[15] All of these uncertainties surrounding the principle and practice of Universal Jurisdiction pose a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES One major problem which affects the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction is the perceived and actual breach of the sovereignty of a state. I use the word perceived to mean this; most times the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by a state may be looked upon by the state whose national or official is tried as an affront or threat to its sovereignty. This might not necessarily be the case. While in a case of actual breach of a nations sovereignty, it is the case that exercise of jurisdiction may actually amount to a breach of a nations sovereignty. The Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Belgium[16] popularly known as the Arrest Warrant case illustrates this. In this case, Belgium issued an International Arrest warrant on 11 April 2000, for the arrest of Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. The Democratic Republic of Congo was highly displeased with the issue of the warrant for the arrest of its minister, and accordingly instituted an action at the International Court of Justice praying the court that Belgium recalls and cancels the Arrest warrant. Belgium had issued the warrant on the grounds that Mr. Yerodia had breached the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and protocols I and II; such breach Belgium claimed was punishable under its laws. Congo prayed the International Criminal Court to order Belgium to cancel the warrant on the ground (amongst other grounds) that [t]he universal jurisdiction that the Belgian State attributes to itself under Article 7 of the Law in question constituted a [v]iolation o f the principle that a State may not exercise its authority on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign equality among all Members of the United Nations[17]. In essence, Congos contention was that Belgiums exercise of Its Universal Jurisdiction amounted to a violation of its sovereignty. The Court found that the issue of the Warrant of Arrest for Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs amounted to a breach of Congos Sovereignty. Kontorovich has stated that the New Universal Jurisdiction[18] is perhaps the most controversial development in contemporary international law, precisely because it encroaches on or qualifies nations jurisdictional sovereignty[19] whileÂÂ   Kings-Irani opines that Universal jurisdiction casesusually raise troubling questions about state sovereignty. Hawkins opines that when states established universal jurisdiction, they created a decentralized mechanism for the erosion of sovereignty[20] It is not likely that the constant clash between the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction and the violation or the alleged violation of the sovereignty of a state would come to an end in the nearest future. This is attributable to the political element in the definition of the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed; that is the fact that most crimes against humanity and war crimes are most times not committed independent of the state and its agencies, rather they are sometimes committed by state officials with the aid of state agencies. The principle of Universal Jurisdiction has no inherent principles which can tackle the clash between assumption of jurisdiction on this basis and the sovereignty of a state. CLASH BETWEEN THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITY It is a principle of Customary International Law that State officials are immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts in certain instances.[21] The immunity enjoyed could be as a result of the position occupied; this is Immunity ratione personae or it could be enjoyed as a result of the official acts carried out in furtherance of the office occupied; this is immunity ratione materiae.[22] The challenge that the issue of sovereign immunity poses is a multi-faceted one. This challenge raises quite a number of questions. What exactly is the law on the immunity of sovereigns of states, both current and past and what is the extent of the immunity in relation to the acts of the sovereign? What acts of the sovereign are covered by immunity? This difficulty arises primarily because the position of International law on the immunity of Sovereigns of States or Heads of States remains unclear.[23] Indeed the authors of the article The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet[24] borrowed the words of other authors to describe the position of International Law on the immunity of Heads of States as lacking coherence[25], problematic and ambiguous[26] and in Re Doe[27] the United States Court of Appeal described it as been in an amorphous and Undeveloped state. This issue came up for consideration In the Arrest Warrant Case[28]; Congos contention was that ÂÂ  the non-recognition, on the basis of Article 5 of the Belgian Law, of the immunity of a Minister for Foreign Affairs in office constituted a [v]iolation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations[29] The court came to the decision that a Minister of Foreign Affairs enjoyed Immunity which was inviolable for as long he remained in office. I will reproduce a portion of the Courts decision as this sheds some light on the position of International Law on the Immunity of Sovereigns; The Court has carefully examined State practice, including national legislation and those few decisions of national higher courts such as the House of Lords or the French Court of Cassation. It has been unable to deduce from this practice that there exists under Customary International law any form of exception to the rule according immunity from criminal Jurisdiction and inviolability to incumbent Ministers for Foreign Affairs, where they are suspected of havingÂÂ   committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. Jurisdictional immunity may well bar prosecution for a certain period or for certain offences; it cannot exonerate the person to whom it applies from all criminal responsibility[30] What this translates to is the fact that there may be times when a National Court could have jurisdiction to try a person subject to immunity, however, it might be impossible to exercise jurisdiction because of the immunity that such a person enjoys; the risk in this is that it could lead to impunity, even though this is a situation the Law seems to want to avoid or it could just lead to a situation of delayed justice. In senator Pinochets case,[31] the House of Lords held that Pinochet, a former Head of State of Chile was not entitled to immunity for torture, as torture was not an official act carried out in furtherance of his official duties. The position of International Law on the Immunity of High level officials of states remains uncertain, and there is no uniformity in state practice in recent years which can help in ascertaining the position of International law in this regard. In November 2007, France dismissed a complaint filed against Former secretary of Defence of the United States and the reason for the dismissal wasÂÂ   given by the prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin, he stated in an open letter that according to rules of customary international law established by the International Court of Justice, immunity from criminal jurisdiction for Heads of State and Government and Ministers of Foreign Affairs continues to apply after termination of their functions, for acts carried out during their time of office and hence, as former Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld, by extension should benefit from this same immunity for acts carried out in the exercise of his functions.[32] There was an outcry against the position of France, particularly because the Prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin had some years earlier personally signed an order calling for General Pinochet to appear before the Paris Court of Appeal. Human Rights organisations felt he should have known better. The Human Rights Organisation also felt greatly disappointed that the dismissal of the complaint was largely due to the position taken by the French Foreign Ministry which is headed by Bernard Kouchner, a fellow who had distinguished himself in the fields of Human Rights. This goes to illustrate the inconsistency in state practices when it comes to the issue of exercising Universal Jurisdiction and the Immunity of State officials. Perhaps one logical explanation for this inconsistency might not be unrelated to the need to preserve good relations between states. THE ALLEGATION OF BIAS Selective approach in the prosecution of International Crimes on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction has posed a great challenge to the Universal Jurisdiction regime. The outcry against the selective approach of some states in the prosecution of crimes using Universal Jurisdiction has been loudest in Africa, where African leaders allege that they have been the primary target of Western Countries. This allegation of bias is not without any merit, neither is it entirely true. Ian Brownlie has been quoted by Zemach as stating that [p]olitical considerations, power, and patronage will continue to determine who is to be tried for international crimes and who not.[33] Dr. Oner captured an aspect of this problem aptly when he stated that: Universal jurisdiction gives powerful nations a means of politically influencing less powerful ones. Indeed, thus far, weak countries with little to no political leverage have not exercised universal jurisdiction over powerful people from powerful countries through their courts.[34] It is important that states have faith in the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by any state that chooses to prosecute using Universal Jurisdiction. There should be transparency and good faith when arriving at the decision to prosecute; and this should as clearly as possible be seen by all to be fair. POLITICAL PRESSURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IMPLICATIONS Nations usually want to maintain good relations with their allies; however, the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction could pose a threat to this. In order to maintain good relations with other states, a state may give in to political pressure which would in turn affect its exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. The case of Belgium and Spain illustrate this. Belgiums Universal Jurisdiction laws were so broad that anybody could be tried by Belgium courts without having any link at all to Belgium The American society of International Law Commenting on the Belgian law stated that: The Belgian law was widely recognized as the most far-reaching example of a state exercising universal jurisdiction. During the first decade of the laws existence, some thirty legal complaints were filed against a variety of government officials worldwide, including against Rwandans for genocide, General Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon[35] The United States uncomfortable with the possibility that its officials could be victims of Belgiums law threatened and coerced Belgium until Belgium finally amended its laws in August 2003, thus finally removing the Absoluteness from the Universal Jurisdiction law of Belgium. ÂÂ  U.S. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld stated authoritatively at the time: Belgium needs to realize that there are consequences to its actions. This law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium Certainly until this matter is resolved we will have to oppose any further spending for construction for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business.[36] The new Belgian Law now requires a link with Belgium for the Belgian courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction. All pending cases in Belgium against U.S Officials were dismissed in September 2003 because of Belgiums new law. When Belgium ruled that Israels Prime Minister Ariel Sharon could stand trial for War crimes under its Universal Jurisdiction laws, but only after he leaves office, Israeli public television quoted an unnamed official as calling the court decision scandalous and warning that it threatened to open a serious crisis between the two countries.[37] And Israel in protest was reported to have recalled its Ambassador to Belgium for consultation The case of Spain is quite similar to the Belgium experience. After Spain gave in to pressure from Israel, the United States and China, Spain amended its Universal Jurisdiction law; the new law now requires a link to Spain before Spanish Courts can assume jurisdiction.[38] Clearly political considerations and interactions between states pose a problem to the exercise of Universal jurisdiction. DIFFCULTY OF OBTAINING EVIDENCE AND WITNESSES Stewart is also of the opinion that In some measure, the lack of actual prosecutions based on universality must result from practical difficulties in obtaining evidence and witnesses regarding crimes committed in other countries.[39] Most International Crimes are usually prosecuted many years after the offences have been committed. The chances of gathering quality evidence with the passage of time reduces, when that is added to the long distance and legal difficulties that it might entail, it becomes even more difficult to obtain evidence. Language barrier could also further compound this problem. Where it is difficult or impossible to obtain evidence it might be difficult to proceed with prosecution on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COMPETING JURSIDCITION It is always the case most times, if not always that where jurisdiction is asserted on the basis of Universality, jurisdiction could also be asserted on other bases. Where more than one state decides to assert jurisdiction, whether on the basis of Universality or other principles, it might pose a problem, especially when extradition is requested by the competing states. To reduce the conflict that this situation may create, it is usually best that in the prosecution of International crimes, exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction should be the last resort, states with stronger connections to the crime should first be given opportunity to prosecute the crime, where they fail to or where they are unable to do so, then a state with no connection or a weaker connection can then prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COST One of the problems associated with the exercise of Universal jurisdiction is cost. A state expends its resources in prosecuting crimes, when the prosecution of crimes serves the states interests, there would be no problem with it but where it serves no practical purpose that is when the difficulty arises. The argument and view held in some quarters, that a nation that prosecutes a crime that does not threaten it in any way and which it has no interest in prosecuting stands to gain nothing from it, rather, it expends its resources and the benefits of prosecuting the crime is enjoyed by other states is one problem that militates against the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. Kontorovich stated that ÂÂ  A nation exercising Universal Jurisdiction expends scarce resources to punish crimes that have not injured it; thus it bears all the costs of enforcement while the benefits are enjoyed primarily by other nations. Rational choice models of state behaviour suggest that nations will generally not undertake such activities.[40] David Stewart also opined that Depending on the facts, prosecutors and ministries of justice may have little enthusiasm for devoting time, money, and resources to prosecutions having little enough to do with their own countries, citizens, and direct national interests.[41] Kontorovichs position is actually a true reflection of what is currently going on at the international scene, nations decline to prosecute or even investigate where their interests are not affected, and this runs contrary to the principle of Universal Jurisdiction. One of the underlying principles governing Universal Jurisdiction is that crimes such as torture, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are so serious that they harm not just a particular state but the international community and should therefore be prosecuted by all states.[42] Kontorovich opines more articulately that many of the crimes subject to the universality principle are so heinous in scope and degree that they offend the interest of all humanity, and any state may, as humanitys agent, punish the offender. . . [43] DOMESTIC LEGISLATION AND STATE POLICIES It is not sufficient that International Law establishes an obligation to prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. There must exist national legislation which authorises the courts of a state to assert jurisdiction, where this is absent, a court might not be able to assert Universal Jurisdiction. Senegal had to enact a law vesting jurisdiction in its courts before it could prosecute Hissene Habre, former Chad president. State practice is limiting the scope and use of Universal Jurisdiction. [44] Universal Jurisdiction can only be used to the extent that a states mun