The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review

The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review In this essay I shall review The devil makes work by Clarke and Critcher. Using wider information I shall evaluate the books strengths and weaknesses and suggest implications for the sociology of leisure. The book deals with the historical development of what we now call leisure. The change from older forms of economic markets to capitalist industrialisation forced a schism in the work/leisure relationship. â€Å"The identification of leisure as the sphere in which needs are satisfied and pleasure found simultaneously makes work less susceptible to criticism as unsatisfactory and more salient as that which has to be tolerated to ‘earn’ the freedom of leisure.†[1] This demarcation is seen as the principle victory, in a stream of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. Work became a means to an end, leisure. The sphere of leisure offered the ruling classes the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was supposed to be ‘free’ time. â€Å"If the working class wants alcohol and music, it shall have them but only to be consumed under certain conditions.†[2] Under the guise of caring for workers needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the dominant ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was to ensure their productivity thus perpetuating the capitalist market. â€Å"The establishment of leisure as consumption†¦has also been of considerable significance.†[3] This was capitalism’s second great victory. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is consumption. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought, sold and used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideology with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher. The book points out the fallacy of the ‘freedom’ of leisure. â€Å"The much vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly unequal distribution of wealth.†[4] Instead of resistance to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by social division and unequal distribution. Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link between the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work. Resistance to leisure models is ultimately futile. The market can not completely control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisioned. This would be seen as resistance except, â€Å"Such strategies may modify but cannot challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of any commodity, we must first enter the market as consumers to acquire it.†[5] â€Å"The major forms and definitions of leisure seem to be changing under the diverse pressures of economic recession and the transition to a post-industrial society.†[6] The piece ends with some predictions. The current (1985) change to a post industrial society would cause mass unemployment. This unemployment would greatly impact leisure, not least because in the capitalist model leisure time is a reward for work, when a person isn’t working they receive fewer rewards. Clarke and Critcher’s work has its place in a continuum of Marxist thought. Simmel stated, â€Å"In this context then, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work lead us to require †¦leisure.’†[7] These notions support the work of Clarke and Critcher, that leisure is a reward for time spent working. The real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex. The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen[8], was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities. For Freud, it was, â€Å" Just this ‘objectivity’ which†¦viewing the individual as†¦consumer†¦regarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.†[9] Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, both implicitly and explicitly, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, â€Å"the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.†[10] These notions support Clarke and Critcher’s assumptions. Clarke and Critcher state that their work, â€Å"Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions about what is or is not leisure.†[11] Moorhouse raises the very salient point that one could consider it blithely ignorant to conduct research without first defining what it is one is researching[12]. Clarke and Critcher rely on the ‘self evident’ truth of what leisure is. ‘Self evident’ truths are, quite often, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but in this case sense is not necessarily common. For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse â€Å"To allow that paid labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.†[13] Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher themselves state that they are writing during a time of transition to ‘post-industrial’ society. If one takes this claim seriously then it has important implications. â€Å"The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in management have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for many workers†¦Moreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.†[14] Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home further blurring the lines of what constitutes work and leisure. The dualistic and simplistic account as found in Clarke and Critcher may no longer serve. Their account seems isolated in a very specific moment, a moment of change. As noted above, they attempted predictions. Mass and continued unemployment never occurred and one can question how much this fact weakens the conclusions they derived. Some sociologists see leisure as a site for developing essential social networks, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction[15]. If one considers Simmel’s conception that sociability is leisure in its, â€Å"Pure form,’[16] then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a ‘morally’ good occurrence that let actors enjoy true or ‘pure’ leisure, pleasure and fun. â€Å"Social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.†[17] The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the active oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and there is no room for any real dialogue between worker’s and capitalist ideology. [18] Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple. Feminist theorists such as Wearing[19] raise the issues of the problem of women’s experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichter’s work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The structural and pervasive ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, however particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusively economic. Theorists such as Butler[20] indicate the problem of explaining women’s position in society while being forced to use the only language available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.[21]. â€Å"If one ‘is’ a woman then that is surely not all that one is†¦gender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively constituted identities.†[22] In conclusion, Critcher and Clarke’s work fits very neatly within Marxist theoretical framework. As such it has the strengths, and indeed weaknesses, of much Marxist and neo-Marxist theory. Using any one methodology can leave a study exposed to accusations of one dimensionalism. This is a charge that can be levelled, probably fairly, at their thesis. Not only this, but the book, timed during a change in leisure practices, is dated and some of its conclusions are clearly inaccurate. Nonetheless that is not to say that the text is of no use as it does represent many of the dominant ideas that course throughout the study of leisure. The best way to proceed is to use all of the implications noted here, and yet others, when investigating the sociology of leisure. Bibliography Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 Footnotes [1] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-95 [2] Ibid p95 [3] Ibid p95 [4] Ibid p96 [5] Ibid p201 [6] Ibid p200 [7] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p83 [8] The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 [9] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p69 [10] Ibid p101 [11] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii [12] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 [13] Ibid p25 [14] Ibid p108 [15] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 [16] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p87 [17] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p112 [18] At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, the very entry into the market process taints any action with is ideological stigma. [19] Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 [20] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 [21] Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 [22] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6 Case Study: Socio-Economic Influences on Health Case Study: Socio-Economic Influences on Health Zivile Mikucioniene Introduction In the year 2005 the health promotion has been defined by World Health Organization. This program enables people to pose control over their health and its determinants. Through a healthy public policy the health promotion program can be occurred. Income, employment, housing, food security and quality working conditions are the basics of public policy. Recently this program is initiated in UK. It shows that there is a relationship between health promotion and social marketing. The potentiality of the integrative nature of the approaches has been highlighted and reinforced. By the time beings the program is developing and involving leanings of different sectors. The UK is integrating the elements of effective health promotion approaches with pertinent learning from social marketing and other disciplines and has adopted holistic approach. Task-1A LO1.1 The effects of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health The health issues are closely related with the factors of socio-economy. The factors have a great effect on health. Income is considered as a factor of health and if income is low the health will be poor. Moreover, health will also be better, when the income is higher. The factors are income and social status, physical environment, education, genetics, gender, social support networks and health services. Mary is a pregnant woman working in a supermarket in her city. As her income is not sufficient for keeping good health, she suffers from many problems. The effects of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health are many. The impacts of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health are: Social support networks: Social support networks of Mary were not good. For this reason, she could not maintain the socio-economic influences. Low income: Mary’s income was low. For this the low income have a great impact of socio-economy as well as on her health. Education: Mary was not so much well educated. So, she can’t influence the socio-economic factors. Genetics: As a woman Mary has some limitations. She can’t move to all side because of her pregnancy. LO1.2 The significance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health Government research says that adverse environmental conditions create some significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities. As a professional woman Mary is facing some socioeconomic inequalities regarding health. In the light of government reports Mary is facing the following inequalities- Social inequalities related to ambient air quality There is an inconsistent relationship between exposure to socioeconomic status and air pollution. In some cases, the socioeconomic groups are in vulnerable position than the affluent group who are at higher risk. Factors affecting this include pre-existing health conditions, cumulative exposures and differential housing affordability in different geographical areas. Social inequalities associated with housing and residential location Most research identified people as being more at risk of exposure to environmental hazards, both within the dwelling, chemical and biological contamination, temperature, noise, sanitary equipment and in the inhabited are from lower socioeconomic groups. Gender inequalities Gender inequality is a great issue regarding health. Biological and social factors influence the way in which environmental factors influence health. Women are restricted in some ways such as in workplace or in society and these restrictions create inequalities. Social inequalities in the working environment and work related health risk Occupational life is quite related with health. The grade of employment, job control, job demands and economic rewards are the different aspects influencing professional life. The education and income as well as other factors like unemployment, immigration status, ethnicity and gender are the occupational factors that influence health condition. Education inequalities Education is somehow related to health. It is education which helps people to get a better job and be on a better financial position. But Mary is not highly educated as she quit school at the age of 15. That’s why it is quite difficult to get a good job and lead a better and healthy life for her. Financial inequalities Researches says that women are incoming low than men. As income is quite related to health so women are getting unequal services than men. In Mary’s case she works on a supermarket 16 hours a week. That is not a high profile job and she doesn’t get a very handsome amount as a salary. So it is quite difficult for her to get a better health care for her and her baby. Government research found out the aspects of socioeconomic inequalities which help to create a social awareness. The above aspects are quite related to Mary’s condition and we must say she is adversely affected by socioeconomic inequality. LO1.3 The reasons and the possible barriers for Mary accessing health care Health care is very essential for everyone because we all know ‘health is wealth’. The objectives of accessing health care are prevention of disease and disability, overall physical, social, and mental health status, quality of life, detection and treatment of health conditions, life expectancy, preventable death,. There are several reasons behind Mary’s accessing in health care. Under pregnant condition Mary used to smoke for that reason her physical condition was not good. Besides, she tried to change her lifestyle. Moreover, she wants to take care of her health. There are some barriers to Mary’s accessing health care. For those barriers she has problem to take health care. Some of the main barriers of Mary’s accessing health care are: Geographical barriers: Because the distance of Health care centre Mary can’t go to the Heath care centre. Cultural barriers: For the cultural barriers Mary can’t go to the Heath care centre. Financial barriers: Financial ability or condition of Mary was not good. For the high cost of health care Mary can’t access to this. There are also some reasons and barriers for Mary to go to the health care Centre. But these are the main reasons and barriers behind accessing health care. Task-1B LO2.1 the links between government strategies and models of health promotion Government plays an important role to improve the health care service of the country. They took improve the health condition of the countrymen and prevent the adverse effect of socioeconomic inequalities. There are also some models which are developed to provide better health care. However there are some links between the government strategies and models. We identify some relations between them shown as follows- Encourage cessation of smoking. To ensure health service for every class of people such as low income people, affluent group. There are some initiatives taken to deal with social problems and health inequalities according to health promotion model. Bring out the socioeconomic group from vulnerable position. Make sure that no gender inequalities can lead any inconvenience to take health service. Make a healthy living for the citizens for the purpose of living a healthy life. It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. No inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. And these encourage proper care and treatment for the pregnant women. And these strongly discourage smoking as well so that no people die in cancer. LO2.2The role of different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by government There are many professionals who help the government to go to the targets of health promotions. The role of different professionals in health and social care are many for health promotion. The professionals help or support is much more important for the government to go through the goals. Nursing and Midwifery Council guidelines help Mary to protect her confidentiality. Mary gets the extra benefits from the professionals to the health promotions. Those professionals help Mary to take health care for meeting health promotion targets set by the government. There are many roles performed by the different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. They are as follow: Help to cure the diseases Help to prevent from diseases Help for nursing in time of pregnancy Help economically Help to minimize risk Help to get ride of poverty These are the roles played by different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. LO2.3 The role of routines in promoting healthy living with respect to Mary Healthy living is the pre-condition for the self-development of any person. Mary has a unborn child as she is pregnant. It is more important for the woman with a unborn child. A routine life is the pre-condition, to maintain a healthy body or to prevent from any diseases. Mary must follow a routine to protect herself as well as her unborn child as she is a pregnant woman. Mary should not smoke specially at her pregnancy period because it can harm herself and mostly her unborn child. She may lose her health and her unborn child may also be affected to the diseases, if she does so. She can be healthy and can protect her unborn baby, by following the routine. Otherwise, she may get sick or her child may also be sick. At last we can say to maintain a healthy life Mary can follow a routine which can help Mary to prevent from any kind of diseases. The unborn child may also be safe from the routine life like not smoking in the pregnancy time. Because, smoking can harm Mary as well as her unborn child. Task-2 LO3.1 The theories of health behavior and health beliefs transformation into behavior There are many theories of health behavior in health promotion sectors. Some of the important theories of health behavior are as follows: Organizational change theory Community organization theory Diffusion of innovations theory Theory of planned behavior Social learning/ social cognitive theory Theory of reasoned action These theories are more often used in transformation of the health beliefs into the behavior. Mary believes those health beliefs and does her duties and maintains her lifestyle in the following ways. Those health beliefs once may go to the behavior of her. These theories transform Mary’s health beliefs to her behavior. After all we find that through the health beliefs Mary makes it to the behavior of herself. Mary’s health behavior theories can transform the health beliefs into the behavior. LO3.2 the potential effects of conflicts with local industry on health promotion Government earns from various sources. Tax from local tobacco industry is one of those sources. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. With millions of their customers either dying from tobacco-related illnesses or quitting each year, it is critical for the tobacco industry to keep recruiting new smokers. There is an obvious conflict while government earning from the tobacco industry and on the other side initiating health promotion program which is strongly discouraging tobacco business. As we know from the case that Mary is a smoker. From the view of national economy it is contributing in the national economy. But it is so much injurious to health and causes cancer. It is also detrimental to her unborn child. The health promotion program is initiated to discourage all activities that harmful to health. It encouraging the prevention of all inequalities that Mary face while accessing to health care. It strongly encourages cessation of smoking. There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is growing. The health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. But it provides a segment of government income every year through taxation. If the promotion program continues than the government income source will be narrowed. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great risk for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a lowest level and make them aware of the bad effect of smoking. LO3.3 The importance of providing relevant health related information to the public The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Mary is a pregnant woman lives in UK. So the government and the authorities should provide her all health related information to avoid any kinds of health hazards. For example health related information can make the health of Mary sounder than anything else. So it is more important for Mary to get the proper health related information. Another example can be that, if proper health related information would available to Mary before her pregnancy, she would not go to such awful habits like smoking cause, it is more harmful for her to pregnancy. Therefore, she would get the defensive measures to prevent any diseases and her unborn child health. At last we see that information is more important for keeping better health for any pregnant woman like Mary. That’s why Mary should be provided with the relevant health related information by those of the authorities. Task-3 LO4.1 understanding of health promotion and ability to plan a specific health promotion campaign This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. So no inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is. There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is increasing. But it provides a portion of government income every year through taxation. So the health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. LO4.2 Health promotion campaign supports government health promotion strategies This health promotion campaign supports all the government health promotion strategies. The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Government research says that there are significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease from adverse environmental conditions. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities. Task 4: Self Evaluation: I take help from the internet and books to complete the assignment. The assignment helps me a lot to understand the health promotion issues. I use the Wikipedia and many others web site to find the data of the assignment. I have completed the assignment by myself. . I usually find the data of the assignment from the UK health promotion bureau. This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. I see that it is more important to be more aware about the health issue to keep fit and be healthy. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. A portion of this income comes from the local tobacco industries. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. There are many sources of income of government. That means that this assignment helps me to find the ultimate benefit and understanding about the health promotion sector. Conclusion Health promotion program is a very important issue. Mary’s health promotion is basically more important for her to maintain her health and her unborn child care. The promotional activities are also an important activity for anyone to follow. References World health organization(1986). WHO, Geneva. Ottawa charter on health promotion In Davies, J, and MacDonald, G, (eds) Quality, health promotion: Striving for Certainties. pp-5-11 Epp , J. (1986) Evidence, and Effectiveness in Health Promotion: Striving for Certainties, Routledge, London, UK, pp, 5-18 MacDonald, G. and Davies, J. (1998) Reflection And vision: Proving and improving the promotion of health. Rapfael, D. (2000) The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International

Progressive Movement Essay

The period from 1890 to 1917 in the history of United States is known as Progressive era. This period is marked by an all-encompassing and intensive change in all spheres of American life viz. political, economic and social. The progressive leaders with faith in the traditional American ideals of democratic government, individual liberty, rule of law and protection of private rights and property, felt that Gilded Age was marked by corruption. They further felt that due to the policies and practices of the previous regimes, a privileged wealthy class has been created that had plundered the national wealth and resources. Prof. Ekirch (1978) explored the profound intellectual factors behind the Progressive movement. He illustrates trans-Atlantic roots of this phenomenon that starts with Darwinism. He says in this regard that it was the transformation of â€Å"the Populist and Socialist ideas of the 1890s into an American version of the state socialism or social democracy† (p.34). Furthermore he considers it a response to industrialization of America and Imperialism invasion the world over. Still there is another viewpoint that postulates the theory that â€Å"the progressive movement never existed† (Filene, 1970. p.1) So these motives propelled them to create a new socio-political milieu to nurture the true American ideals. They wanted that majority of the people must be associated with the government and those ruling over the United States must be made answerable to the electorates. They also expected higher standard of professional morality and integrity from the officials. In the economic sphere they were alarmed by the growth of increased monopoly of a few entrepreneurs and exploitations of the farmers and working classes. These leaders from middle class pleaded for government regulation of big businesses to prevent exploitations pf the weaker sections. Stressing on the needs for reforms, Theodore Roosevelt said, â€Å"†No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to the way in which such work [reform] must be done; but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in some way and to some degree.† (Roosevelt) Most of the problems that Progressives wanted to tackle was an outcome of the industrial expansion and the political-industrial coalitions of the Gilded Age. During the Progressive almost every department of American life was overhauled and modernized. Thus Progressivism was a movement with â€Å"predominantly middle class objectives and viewpoint, deriving much of its support from small businessmen, farmers and professional people. The typical progressive leader was some lawyer, journalist or businessmen who, aroused by corruption or misgovernment in his own community, started a crusade to elect better men to office, and gradually came to the realization that what was needed was a reform of the system as well as a change of men.† ( Parkes, p.544) Broadly speaking the Progressive reformists fall in to categories. The first category consists of those who had its origin in the agrarian West and concerned themselves mainly with economic issues. The prominent among these Progressives were Henry George (author of Progress and Poverty), Edward Bellamy (author of looking Backward).the chief political spokesman of this category of Progressivism was Altgald and Donnelly, Brian and La Follette. The second category consists of those Eastern Progressives who addressed themselves to the problems like the tariff reform, merit system and anti-Imperialism. The predominant spokesmen of this category were Godkin, George William Curtis and President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University. Its political spokesmen were Carl Schurz, Abram S. Hewitt and Woodrow Wilson. The Progressives also differed as to how the state should interfere to protect the weaker sections of the society. There were some Progressives like Theodore Roosevelt who held that the growth of business corporations were inevitable economic trend and governments should not abolish them. The government should merely concern itself with the regulation of their affairs. In short, they stood for greater governmental control over large enterprises and industrial units. To undo justices to the weaker sections and labor, they stood for extension of great privileges and compensations to the working classes as well as the strengthening of trade unions, which they believe would counteract the powers of big corporations and their corrupt practices. There was still another group of Progressive, supported by Woodrow Wilson, who emphasized the need of prohibiting monopoly, protecting small business and enforcing effecting competition. In other orders they were more in line with liberalism. The first battle of reforms were fought by the Progressives at the Municipal and state level. This was so because the states under American constitutional system had jurisdiction over almost all matters of social character i.e. working hours, wages of labor, conditions of workplace, welfare of women and children, education, health, suffrage etc. So it was in the states that most national reforms were initially tested at the rudimentary stages. Furthermore these states also served as the testing grounds for reformers who later undertook the reforms at the national level. Thus Roosevelt got his training at New York city and Albany. La Follett learned the economies of railway and trust regulation in Wisconsin and Woodrow Wilson earned the reputation of a great reformer as a liberal Governor of New Jersey. However, the most spectacular reforms in this period were accomplished at state Level by Robert Marion La Follette of Wisconsin (although the spade work for reforms at the state level was done John P. Altgald of Illinois and Hazen S. Pingree in Michigan). He consistently fought for the democratic ideals and was opposed to domination of Government by the business interests. During his Governorship, he gave concrete shape to his Wisconsin Idea†. He enlarged democracy through the direct primary initiative and referendum. He accomplished potation on campaigns expenditures, municipal home rule, civil service reforms and creation of bureau of experts to advise the administration. With a view to protect the people against exploitations by large business corporations, La Follette set up commissions to regulate Railway and other public utility services. He further enforced the law that compelled the rail companies and timber corporations to pay their share of taxes. Additionally, he introduced several reforms that changed the socio-economic set-up of the whole state. At the federal level, the Progressive movement set in with the inauguration of the President Roosevelt, who was the first of the three Progressive Presidents i.e. Taft and Woodrow Wilson. His first act to curtail the powers of the large organizations was epitomized through the suite against The Northern Securities Company in 1903. He introduced other legislative measures to breakdown the monopoly of the large corporations. Elkins Act of 1903, Hepburn Act of 1906 are only some examples.   Second major proponent of Progressivism at the Federal level was President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) who accomplished more progressive legislation than the Roosevelt. He introduced and enacted law to check corrupt practices during the elections. He dissolved ninety trusts under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (these trusts were saving huge taxes in the name of charity and were involved in certain illegal activities). He strengthened the cause of democracy when he propagated the idea of direct elections for the senators and introduced 17th amendments in the U.S. constitutions that provided for direct elections of the members of the Senate instead being elected by the State legislatures. Furthermore, he wanted to reduce tariffs because he felt hat the Dingley Act of 1897 was much too high and enabled the entrepreneurs to charge exorbitant prices. It is often alleged that Taft was not a true Progressive but it remains the fact that more progressive legislation was enacted during his presidency. Woodrow is the next in the row for progressive presidents. He introduced far-reaching economic reforms and adopted a number other progressive measure to capacitate the entire American spirit with purpose. Hs foremost priority was the revision of tariff and introduction of viable reforms. He was successful to get â€Å"The Underwood Tariff Act (1913) passed. Secondly, he introduced another Act to reconstruct the monetary and banking sector. He introduced certain other legislative measure to minimize the effect of Gilded Age[1]. Although his program of more progressive reforms were cut short but the outbreak or WW II but two more constitutional amendment (18th and 19th) became effective in his presidency.[2] Though Progressives could not bring about the revolutionary transformation of the political and economic system, yet it cannot be denied that through their reforms they tried to revitalize democracy and made the rulers responsible and accountable to the public. â€Å"Perhaps the best known results of this era are the 18th and 19th Amendments, Prohibition and woman suffrage respectively. But this legislation really came at the tail end of the period which has come to be known as the â€Å"Age of Reform.† The amendments were actually the byproducts of an immense social and political upheaval which changed forever the expectations of the role government would play in American society.† (PBS) The most important contribution of the progressive era was the change that they incorporated in the attitudes of the political and business leaders. In the subsequent years, the big business corporations could not completely ignore the public and their interests.   Although the Progressive era was a short one but it pioneered a new role for government.       References Ekirch, Arthur A. Progressivism in America. A study of the Era from Theodore Roosevelt to Woodrow Wilson. New York; New Viewpoints. 1974. Filene, Peter G. An Obituary for â€Å"The Progressive Movement†. American Quarterly. Vol. 22, No. 1(Spring, 1970). pp. 20-34 Parkes, Henry B. The United States of America—A History. New York, Knopf, 1959 PBS. The Progressive Era 1900-1918.Retrieved on March 07, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html [1] Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) and the formation of Federal trade commission to reduce the unfair methods of trade are some other measures. [2] 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution the process of introduction of Prohibition was completed whereas 19th Amendments granted the right of vote to the women on equal terms with men.

Look closely at how Lennie and George speak and behave here. What does it reveal about their relationship? Essay

George and Lennies relationship in my opinion is one like a father has with a son, George is always there for lennie, he cares for him and wants the best for him, and in his own way, Lennie feels the same and acts the same. The extract given, located at the start of the book in chapter one, is one that introduces George and Lennies dream to the reader as well as establishing to the reader the closeness of their relationship, without this part in the book, we would not understand how the two men are like father and son, or how they really do care for each other, and that is why this text is so significant to the text as a whole. This extract is about Lennie trying to get George to tell him the story about them in the future (their dream), and despite not wanting to at first, Lennie is clearly used to getting his own way and acts like a child in order to get so. George at the end of the extract however, shows his authority and is very firm when there has been enough, Steinbeck makes it obvious that the two have known each other for a long time as Lennie speaks ‘craftily’ and ‘pleaded’ in order to get his own way from George. Lennie has learnt during their time together how to make George give in. This is like a father son relationship because the child often knows how to treat their parents in order to get their own way, whether with a flutter of the eyelashes or a really nice hug, children know how to get their own way, and this is the case with Lennie. Another reason it is like a father son relationship is because George is giving Lennie Hope when he says ‘we got a future’, It is a parents job to give their child something to look forward to in a hard time and as it was the great depression when the novel is set, George does this excellently with the dream of the ranch. It gives Lennie something to dream about. It is also like a father son relationship, because it becomes clear from Steinbeck’s style of writing that George has told the story of the ranch and rabbits to Lennie so many times: â€Å"He repeated his words rhymetically† This shows that George has told the story enough times to Lennie that he knows it off by heart and Lennie, a forgetful character knows it also. This shows that George is once again like a father figure to lennie, telling him bedtime stories. Fathers and Sons know they have each other to look after them and this is what Lennie and George are also both aware of: â€Å"Because I got you to look after me† This shows that they are both aware of the close relationship they have and how they are both aware of how the other one appreciates them as much as they appreciate them. This is a nice part of the novel and it leaves the reader with a sense that not everything is bad. One of the themes of the book is loniness but this part here shows that it is not George or Lennie that experience this, or at least at the beginning. And finally, George makes it clear to the reader that he is the authoritive person in the relationship as he makes it clear when he â€Å"ain’t got time for no more†, he is the one that is in charge and Lennie seems to appreciate that. The fact that George is the authoritve figure is a good way to explain why he seems so tense and agitated in this extract: â€Å"you getta kick outta that†, because he feels like he is in charge of lennie, and doesn’t want him to do anything wrong or get into trouble, knda like when a parent takes their child shopping. It is clear form reading the extract that lennie is the child and George is the father figure, but they both appreciate and enjoy each others company. 6c) How does Steinbeck present the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men? Loneliness is one of the main themes of mice and men and that becomes apparent from early on in the novel. Almost all of Steinbeck’s characters experience loneliness at some part in the play, although some like Curley’s Wife, Crooks and Candy experience it more than others. Steinbeck makes it very clear at the beginging that the novel is going to be based on loneliness as the novel is set in a place cale ‘Soledad’ which means loneliness in Spanish, it is these small details that in my opinion makes Of Mice and Men, such a clever and valiable read. Curley’s wife is a character that it becomes more evident throughout the book is suffering from loneliness. She has married a man she hardly knew before and now is the only lady on the ranch, people are afraid to talk to her because they don’t want to get into trouble with Curley, the short tempered bosses son. Curley’s wife is seen as a tart by the ranch men, and are a main cause of her loniness. She often goes around asking for Curley and the men are very blunt and untalkative towards her. She tells Lennie of her loneliness: â€Å"I get awfully lonely†, This shows that she knows she is lonely and addimits she â€Å"just wants someone to talk to†, Steinback uses Curley’s wife as a character that experiences Lonliness that is very obvious to the reader as she admits it herself. Crooks is another character that experiences Lonliness and in my opinion, it is crooks that experiences Lonliness the most. Crooks is a Stable buck and is black, which in 1930’s America meant there was segregation. He lives on his own in the stables and is not allowed to join in with the other men. He is just expected to enjoy his own company and so he just reads books, which makes him a very knowledgeable character. Crooks character is not very signifivant in the play, but he has a whole chapter devoted to him nevertheless, he makes it clear when Lennie stumbles across his room that the life he is experiencing is one that is not right. Crooks describes his loneliness briefly, â€Å"if I see something, I aint go no one to tell me it aint real†, Steinbeck has used something so simple to show just how lonly crooks is. He literally has no one! Annother character that experiences loneliness is Candy. His ancient dog is shot for being smelly and ‘no good’, yet it was this dog that had kept candy from being lonly for all these years. When Steinbeck describes the dog being walked out of the bunck house by Carlson, Candy immediately goes into his own world of regret and lonlieness. No one understands why Candy is so upset because no one has experienced having someone. Also when candy is trying to stop Carlson from convincing him to shot the dog, none of the other ranch ahnds stick up for Cnady, instead they all keep quiet and don’t get involved. This shows that in of Mice and men, it is every man for himself and that is another example of loneliness. When George goes down town with the other ranch hands, it is Lennie that experiences Lonliness. He has always had George to keep him company, but when crooks asks â€Å"what would you do if George did’nt come back†, Lennie takes it literally and experiences loneliness for what could be lennies first time. Lennie immediately gets violent and this shows the reader how much lennie really needs George. And finally, George. George is in my opinion the only main character that we don’t get a sign experiences loneliness. Throughout the play he has Lennie to keep him company and soon builds up a friendship with both Candy and Slim, so that as soon as Lennie runs off he has these to then keep in company in the hard time. Steinback was very clever at presenting the theme of loneliness. Almost every character experiences it, yet it is not something that you notice overly when reading the book. Steinback managed to show diffenent levels of loneliness from Crooks who has no one, to Lennie who always has George looking after him, even to the last page in the book! Without the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men, the novel would not be the same. It is this loneliness that drives curley’s wife to talk to lennie before he kills her , and that causes George to understand he needs to kill lennie himself. The theme of lonlineness was also a theme of the workers during the great depression in America during the 1930’s. As migrant workers travelled from ranch to ranch to find jobs, never staying at one place long and travelling on their own, meant loneliness was experienced greatly, so Steinbeck managed to make his novel even more realistic by doing this.

The Effect Of Fenugrek Seeds In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

THE EFFECT OF FENUGREK SEEDS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: CLINICAL STUDY INTRODUCTION: The seeds family leguminosae that are cultivated in India, Egypt and North Africa are used in gastrointestinal disorder, gout and diabetes.1 There is a relationship between chemical composition and nutritional value of seeds through the germination. The samples were taken for analysis in a day for a week. The result was found to cause reduction in dry matter content while other fibers showed ascending relationship. In other way the percentage of lipid was reduced at the last 2 days. The conclusion show allows germinating for the first 6 days before used are useful to improve the biological and nutritive values.2 There is a lot of used of fenugreek seeds†¦show more content†¦Exclusion criteria: presence of debilitating diseases, documented GIT diseases, impairment of vital organs, receiving drugs that can affect the metabolic control except the known pharmacologic oral antidiabetic agents. Subjects were divided into 5 groups, 20 patients each: Group (C): The control group receiving diets recommended by the Diabetes Institute with no other dietary supplementation. Group (BF): This group was given boiled fenugreek seeds as a dietary supplementation. Group (GF): This group was given germinated fenugreek seeds as a dietary supplementation. Group (PF): This group was given powdered fenugreek seeds as a dietary supplementation. Group (DF): This group was given defatted fenugreek seeds in powder form as a dietary supplementation. Fenugreek was received in a daily dose of fifteen grams t.d.s (three times daily) with meals. All patients of all groups were submitted to clinical examination at admission. Laboratory tests were performed upon admission, after the first, second, third and fourth week of the study. Investigation was done for the following parameters: Serum glucose level (fasting and postprandial), serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), serum LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol), serum VLDL-C (very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) were calculated.